深入解析MySQL:查询排序与分页的全面解析

发表时间: 2023-06-30 08:10

概述

数据库中的数据直接呈现出来一般不是我们想要的,所以我们上两节演示了如何对数据进行过滤的方法。除了对数据进行过滤,

我们可能还需要对数据进行排序,比如想从列表中了解消费最高的项,就可能需要对金额字段做降序排序,想看年龄从小到大的分布情况,就可能需要对user表的age字段进行升序排序。

也可能需要对数据进行限制,比如我们需要对付款的1~10,11~20,21~30 名的用户分别赠予不同的礼品,这时候对数据的限制就很有用了。

备注:下面脚本中[]包含的表示可选,| 分隔符表示可选其一。

数据排序 order by

语法格式如下:

1、需要排序的字段跟在order by之后;

2、asc 和 desc表示排序的规则,asc:升序,desc:降序,默认为升序 asc;

3、排序可以指定多次字段,多字段排序之间用逗号隔开。

4、多字段排序中,越靠前优先级越高,下面中cname1优先排序,当cname1等值的时候,cname2开始排序,直至所有字段都排序完。

select cname from tname order by cname1 [asc|desc],cname2 [asc|desc]...;

单个字段排序

举个例子,在销售额中通按照交易的订单进行金额额度降序的方式显示:

1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount  | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 | 6 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 | 7 |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 | 8 |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 | 9 |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 |10 |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 |11 |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |12 +---------+---------+---------+-------+13 7 rows in set14 15 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount desc;16 +---------+---------+---------+-------+17 | orderid | account | amount  | goods |18 +---------+---------+---------+-------+19 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 |20 |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 |21 |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |22 |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 |23 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 |24 |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 |25 |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 |26 +---------+---------+---------+-------+27 7 rows in set

多个字段排序

多个字段排序用逗号隔开,优先级从左到右逐次递减,如下图,如果金额一致,则按照购买商品数量从多到少排序:

mysql> select * from t_order order by amount desc,goods desc; +---------+---------+---------+-------+ | orderid | account | amount  | goods | +---------+---------+---------+-------+ |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 | |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 | |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 | |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 | |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 | |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 | |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 | +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 7 rows in set

按alias排序

按照别名排序或者做条件查询的目的都是为了简化代码,方便使用,别名可以是英文,也可以是中文:

 mysql> select account as ac,amount as am,goods as gd from t_order order by am,gd desc;     +-------+---------+----+ | ac    | am      | gd | +-------+---------+----+ | diny  | 12      |  1 | | weng  | 52.2    |  5 | | brand | 52.2    |  2 | | helyn | 88.5    |  4 | | sally | 99.71   |  9 | | sol   | 1007.9  | 11 | | hen   | 1752.02 |  7 | +-------+---------+----+ 7 rows in set

字段排序中使用函数

下面使用了abs取绝对值函数,所以在 am字段降序排序中,-99.99 排在 99.71之上。

 1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount  | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 | 6 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 | 7 |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 | 8 |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 | 9 |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 |10 |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 |11 |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |12 |      15 | brand1  | -99.99  |     5 |13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+14 8 rows in set15 16 mysql> select account as ac,amount as am,goods as gd from t_order order by abs(am) desc;17    18 +--------+---------+----+19 | ac     | am      | gd |20 +--------+---------+----+21 | hen    | 1752.02 |  7 |22 | sol    | 1007.9  | 11 |23 | brand1 | -99.99  |  5 |24 | sally  | 99.71   |  9 |25 | helyn  | 88.5    |  4 |26 | brand  | 52.2    |  2 |27 | weng   | 52.2    |  5 |28 | diny   | 12      |  1 |29 +--------+---------+----+30 8 rows in set

与Where条件结合使用

order 在 where 条件之后,根据where已经过滤好的数据再进行排序。下面是过滤出购买金额>80 且 购买数量>5的数据,并且按照价格降序排序。

 1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount  | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 | 6 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 | 7 |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 | 8 |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 | 9 |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 |10 |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 |11 |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |12 |      15 | brand1  | -99.99  |     5 |13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+14 8 rows in set15 16 mysql> select * from t_order where amount>80 and goods>5 order by amount desc;17 +---------+---------+---------+-------+18 | orderid | account | amount  | goods |19 +---------+---------+---------+-------+20 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 |21 |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 |22 |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |23 +---------+---------+---------+-------+

数据limit

很多时候我们过滤出符合要求的数据之后,还需要得到这些数据中的某一个具体区间,比如对付款超过1000的用户的第1~10,11~20,21~30 名分别赠予不同的礼品,这时候就要使用limit操作了。

limit用来限制select查询返回的数据,常用于数据排行或者分页等情况。

语法格式如下:

select cname from tname limit [offset,] count;

1、offset表示偏移量,就是指跳过的行数,可以省略不写,默认为0,表示跳过0行,如 limit 8 等同于 limit 0,8。

2、count:跳过偏移量offset之后开始取的数据行数,有count行。

3、limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式。

获取前n条记录

如下图,limit n 和 limit 0,n 是一致的:

 1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount  | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 | 6 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 | 7 |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 | 8 |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 | 9 |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 |10 |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 |11 |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |12 |      15 | brand1  | -99.99  |     5 |13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+14 8 rows in set15 16 mysql> select * from t_order limit 217 ;18 +---------+---------+---------+-------+19 | orderid | account | amount  | goods |20 +---------+---------+---------+-------+21 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 |22 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 |23 +---------+---------+---------+-------+24 2 rows in set25 26 mysql> select * from t_order limit 0,2;27 +---------+---------+---------+-------+28 | orderid | account | amount  | goods |29 +---------+---------+---------+-------+30 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 |31 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 |32 +---------+---------+---------+-------+33 2 rows in set 


limit限制单条记录

这边我们获取支付金额中最大和最小的的一条记录。可以先使用 order 条件进行排序,然后limit 第1条记录即可:

 mysql> select * from t_order;  +---------+---------+---------+-------+  | orderid | account | amount  | goods |  +---------+---------+---------+-------+  |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 |  |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 |  |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 |  |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 |  |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 |  |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 |  |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |  |      15 | brand1  | -99.99  |     5 |  +---------+---------+---------+-------+  8 rows in set   mysql> select * from t_order where amount>0 order by amount desc limit 1;  +---------+---------+---------+-------+  | orderid | account | amount  | goods |  +---------+---------+---------+-------+  |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 |  +---------+---------+---------+-------+  1 row in set   mysql> select * from t_order where amount>0 order by amount asc limit 1;  +---------+---------+--------+-------+  | orderid | account | amount | goods |  +---------+---------+--------+-------+  |      12 | diny    | 12     |     1 |  +---------+---------+--------+-------+  1 row in set

获取(m,n)区间记录

即跳过m条,获取n条,示例如下,我们跳过两条,从第三条开始,连取四条的操作:

 1 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount; 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 3 | orderid | account | amount  | goods | 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+ 5 |      15 | brand1  | -99.99  |     5 | 6 |      12 | diny    | 12      |     1 | 7 |       8 | brand   | 52.2    |     2 | 8 |      13 | weng    | 52.2    |     5 | 9 |      10 | helyn   | 88.5    |     4 |10 |      14 | sally   | 99.71   |     9 |11 |      11 | sol     | 1007.9  |    11 |12 |       9 | hen     | 1752.02 |     7 |13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+14 8 rows in set15 16 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount limit 2,4;17 +---------+---------+--------+-------+18 | orderid | account | amount | goods |19 +---------+---------+--------+-------+20 |       8 | brand   | 52.2   |     2 |21 |      13 | weng    | 52.2   |     5 |22 |      10 | helyn   | 88.5   |     4 |23 |      14 | sally   | 99.71  |     9 |24 +---------+---------+--------+-------+25 4 rows in set

分页的做法与这个类似,我们程序业务上看到的分页一般有 pageIndex,pageSize等参数,我们通常的做法是 limit pageIndex*pageSize,pageSize。

这边假设有31条数据,每页数量pageSize=10,页面索引pageIndex默认0,则第一页就是 limit 0,10,第二页 limit10,10,第三页 limit 20,10,第四页 limit 30,10。

注意点:

1、limit 后面不能使用表达式,只能使用明确的数值,否则会爆出异常,比如 limit 0*10,10,是不对的,这个上面提过了。

2、limit后续的数值只能是正整数和0,也就是说,不能是负数,否则同样会报错。

3、排序字段的值相同情况下,排序后分页会出现混乱重复的情况。

第3点详细说明下:假如根据age排序,但是有多个age都是20岁的同学,这时候我们3条记录一页,就会出现分页混乱数据重复。因为年龄相同的人有多个,这是几个人的排序在每次查询的时候会有不确定性。

举个例子,下面的分页,混乱了

 1 mysql> select * from user3; 2 +----+------+-------+ 3 | id | age  | name  | 4 +----+------+-------+ 5 |  1 |   20 | brand | 6 |  2 |   22 | sol   | 7 |  3 |   20 | helen | 8 |  4 | 19.5 | diny  | 9 |  6 |   19 | a     |10 |  7 |   20 | b     |11 |  8 |   20 | c     |12 |  9 |   20 | d     |13 | 10 |   20 | e     |14 | 11 |   23 | f     |15 +----+------+-------+16 10 rows in set17 18 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 0,3; 19 +----+------+-------+20 | id | age  | name  |21 +----+------+-------+22 |  6 |   19 | a     |23 |  4 | 19.5 | diny  |24 |  3 |   20 | helen |25 +----+------+-------+26 3 rows in set27 28 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 3,3;29  30 +----+-----+-------+31 | id | age | name  |32 +----+-----+-------+33 |  3 |  20 | helen |34 |  7 |  20 | b     |35 |  8 |  20 | c     |36 +----+-----+-------+37 3 rows in set38 39 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 6,3;40  41 +----+-----+-------+42 | id | age | name  |43 +----+-----+-------+44 |  7 |  20 | b     |45 |  3 |  20 | helen |46 |  2 |  22 | sol   |47 +----+-----+-------+48 3 rows in set 

我们的做法是使用重复值字段做排序的时候再加个唯一依据(一般可以设主键),就不会混乱了。

如下示例,正常了:

 1 mysql> select * from user3; 2 +----+------+-------+ 3 | id | age  | name  | 4 +----+------+-------+ 5 |  1 |   20 | brand | 6 |  2 |   22 | sol   | 7 |  3 |   20 | helen | 8 |  4 | 19.5 | diny  | 9 |  6 |   19 | a     |10 |  7 |   20 | b     |11 |  8 |   20 | c     |12 |  9 |   20 | d     |13 | 10 |   20 | e     |14 | 11 |   23 | f     |15 +----+------+-------+16 10 rows in set17 18 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 0,3;19  20 +----+------+-------+21 | id | age  | name  |22 +----+------+-------+23 |  6 |   19 | a     |24 |  4 | 19.5 | diny  |25 |  1 |   20 | brand |26 +----+------+-------+27 3 rows in set28 29 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 3,3;30  31 +----+-----+-------+32 | id | age | name  |33 +----+-----+-------+34 |  3 |  20 | helen |35 |  7 |  20 | b     |36 |  8 |  20 | c     |37 +----+-----+-------+38 3 rows in set39 40 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 6,3;41  42 +----+-----+------+43 | id | age | name |44 +----+-----+------+45 |  9 |  20 | d    |46 | 10 |  20 | e    |47 |  2 |  22 | sol  |48 +----+-----+------+49 3 rows in set

上述总结

1、order by cname [asc|desc] 用于对查询结果排序,asc为升序,desc为降序,可以省略,省略情况下默认为asc。

2、limit用来限制查询结果返回的行数,包含2个参数(offset,count),offset:表示跳过多少行,count:表示跳过offset行之后取的行数。limit中offset可以省略,默认值为0;limit中offset 和 count都必须大于等于0;limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式。

3、分页排序时,排序字段不要有重复值,重复值情况下可能会导致分页结果混乱,建议在后面加一个主键排序。


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